Jean-Baptiste-Marie Vianney (8 May 1786 – 4 August 1859), commonly known in English as
St John Vianney, is popularly known as the patron saint of all priest. He was a French parish priest
who in the Catholic Church is venerated as a saint
and is often referred to as the
"Curé d'Ars".
He became internationally notable for his priestly and pastoral work in
his parish because of the radical spiritual transformation of the
community and its surroundings. Catholics attribute this to his saintly
life, mortification
, his persevering ministry in the sacrament
of confession
, and his ardent devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint Philomena.
Early Life
May 8, 1786 was when St. John was born in French town of Dardilly, and was baptized
the same day.
He was the fourth in the six children of Matthieu Vianney and Marie Beluze. The Vianneys were Catholics who
helped the poor and gave hospitality to aint Benedict Joseph Labre
, the patron saint of tramps, who passed through Dardilly on his pilgrimage to Rome. By 1790, the French Revolution forced many loyal priests to hide from the government in order to carry out the sacraments in their parish. In order to attend Mass
,
even though it was illegal, the Vianneys travelled to distant farms
where they could pray in secret. Since the priests risked their lives
day by day, Vianney began to look upon priests as heroes. His First Communion
lessons were publicly carried out in a public home by three priests. He made his first communion at the age of 13.
During the Mass, the windows were covered so that the light of the
candles could not be seen from the outside. The secrecy of his Catholic
practices continued, especially during his preparation for confirmation
.
In 1802, the Catholic Church was re-established in France, resulting
in religious peace throughout the country. By this time, Vianney was
concerned about his future vocation and longed for an education. He was
20 when his father allowed him to leave the farm to be taught at Father
Balley's "presbytery-school" in the neighbouring village of Ecully.
The school taught arithmetic, history, geography, and Latin. Vianney
struggled with school, especially with Latin, since his past education
had been interrupted by the French Revolution. Only because of Vianney's
deepest desire to be a priest - and Father Balley's patience - did he
continue.
In 1809, Vianney's studies were interrupted when he was drafted into Napoleon's armies. As an ecclesiastical student, he should have been exempted, but Napoleon
had withdrawn the exemption in certain dioceses because of his need for
soldiers in his fight against Spain.
Two days after he had to report at Lyons, he became ill and was
hospitalized, during which time his draft left without him.
On 5 January, after he was released from the hospital, he was sent to Roanne for
another draft.
He went into a church to pray, and fell behind the group. He met a
young man who volunteered to guide him back to his group, but instead
led him deep into the mountains of Le Forez, to the village Les Noes,
where deserters had gathered.
Vianney lived in that village for fourteen months,
hidden in the byre attached to a farmhouse, and under the care of
Claudine Fayot, a widow with four children. He assumed the name Jerome
Vincent, and under that name he opened a school for village children. Since the harsh weather isolated the town during the winter, the deserters were safe from gendarmes.
However, after the snow melted, gendarmes came to the town constantly,
searching for deserters. During these searches, Vianney hid inside
stacks of fermenting hay in Fayot's barn.
An Imperial decree proclaimed
in March 1810 granted amnesty to all deserters,
which enabled Vianney to go back legally to Ecully, where he resumed
his studies. He was tonsured in 1811, and in 1812 he went to the minor
seminary at Verrieres. In autumn of 1813, he was sent to major seminary
at Lyons. Considered too slow, he was returned to Father Balley.
However, father Balley persuaded the vicars general that Vianney's piety
was great enough to compensate for his ignorance, and the seminarian
received minor orders and the subdiaconate on July 2, 1814, was ordained
deacon in June 1815, and was ordained priest August 12, 1815 in the Couvent des Minimes de Grenoble. He said his first Mass the next day, and was appointed assistant to Fr Balley in Ecully.
Curé of Ars
In 1818, shortly after the death of Father Balley, Jean-Marie Vianney
was appointed parish priest of the parish of Ars, a town of 230.
A few years later, he founded an orphanage for destitute girls,
called "The Providence" which was successful, however it was closed in
1847.
As parish priest, Vianney realized that the Revolution's aftermath had resulted in religious ignorance
,
due to the destruction of the Catholic Church in France. At the time,
Sundays in rural areas were spent working in the fields, or dancing and
drinking in taverns. Vianney was astonished, especially since Sundays
were meant to be reserved for religion. Vianney spent time in the
confessional and gave homilies railing on blasphemy and dancing. If his parishioners did not give up dancing, he refused them absolution.
Monsignor Balley was Vianney's greatest inspiration, since he was a
priest who remained loyal to his faith, despite the Revolution. Vianney felt compelled to fulfill the duties of a curé, just as did M. Balley, even when it was illegal.
Later years
Vianney came to be known internationally, and people from distant places began traveling to consult him as early as 1827."By 1855, the number of pilgrims had reached twenty thousand a year.
During the last ten years of his life, he spent sixteen to eighteen
hours a day in the confessional. Even the bishop forbade him to attend
the annual retreats of the diocesan clergy because of the souls awaiting
him yonder". He spent at least 11 or 12 hours a day in the confessional during winter, and up to 16 in the summer.
Vianney had a great devotion to St. Philomena
. He regarded her as his guardian and erected a chapel and shrine in
honor of the saint. During May 1843, Vianney fell so ill he thought
that his life was coming to its end. He asked St Philomena to cure him
and promised to say 100 Masses at her shrine. Twelve days later, Vianney
was cured and he attributed his cure to St Philomena.
Vianney yearned for the contemplative life of a monk, and four times ran away from Ars, the last time in 1853.
 |
| The body of St. John-Marie Vianney wearing a wax mask, found to be incorrupt by the Catholic Church. It is entombed above the main altar in the Basilica at Ars, France |
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Death and veneration
On 4 August 1859, Vianney died at age 73. The bishop presided over
his funeral with 300 priests and more than 6,000 people in attendance.
 |
| Statue of Jean-Marie Vianney in the church of a small village in France |
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Before he was buried Vianney was fitted with a wax mask.
Biographers recorded miracles performed throughout his life, obtaining
money for his charities and food for his orphans; he had supernatural
knowledge of the past and future, and could heal the sick, especially
children.
On 3 October 1874 Pope Pius IX
proclaimed him Venerable
; on 8 January 1905, Pope Pius X
declared him Blessed
and proposed him as a model to the parochial clergy; in 1925 Pope Pius XI canonized
him, and assigned 8 August as his feast day
. This feast was inserted in the General Roman Calendar
in 1928 with the rank of Double. He was made patron saint of parish priests in 1929.
The rank was changed to that of third-class feast in 1960, and it is
thus celebrated by those who observe the calendar of 1962 as an extraordinary form of Roman Rite
. The date assigned by Pope Paul VI
for the memorial
of John Vianney is 4 August.
In 1959, Pope John XXII
issued Sacerdotii Nostri Primordia
, an encyclical on Vianney.
In honor of the 150th anniversary of Vianney's death, Pope Benedict XVI declared a year for priests, running from the feast of the Sacred Heart 2009-2010.
The Vatican Post has prepared a set of stamps to commemorate the
150th Anniversary of St John Vianney. With the following words on 16
June 2009, Benedict XVI officially marked the beginning of the year
dedicated to priests, "…On the forthcoming Solemnity of the Most Sacred
Heart of Jesus, Friday 19 June 2009 – a day traditionally devoted to
prayer for the sanctification of the clergy –, I have decided to
inaugurate a ‘Year for Priests’ in celebration of the 150th anniversary
of the dies natalis of John Mary Vianney, the Patron Saint of parish
priests worldwide…"
Pope Benedict XVI placed the Year of the Priest also known as the Year for Priests (June 2009-June 2010) under St John Vianney's patronage.
There are statues of Vianney in many French churches.
